Aiming to reduce the impact of climate change while encouraging global partners to cut carbon emissions, the European Union (EU) approved the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) two years ago. A two-year transition period was set for its implementation, and…

The shocks of the past decade — culminating in Russia’s invasion of Ukraine — exposed how deeply energy systems are embedded in questions of security, political control and economic competitiveness. This report analyses how countries along the EU’s Eastern Flank…